Description
Key facts
Detection method:Colorimetric,
Sample types:Citrate plasma, Heparin Plasma, Serum,
Reacts with:Human,
Assay type:Sandwich (qualitative),
Assay Platform:Pre-coated microplate (12 x 8 well strips)
Product details:
Hantavirus IgM ELISA Kit (ab247196) is designed for the qualitative determination of IgM class antibodies against Hantavirus in human serum or plasma (citrate, heparin).
The qualitative immunoenzymatic determination of specific antibodies is based on the ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay) technique. Microplates are coated with specific antigens to bind corresponding antibodies of the sample. After washing the wells to remove all unbound sample material a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labelled conjugate is added. This conjugate binds to the captured antibodies. In a second washing step unbound conjugate is removed. The immune complex formed by the bound conjugate is visualized by adding Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate which gives a blue reaction product. The intensity of this product is proportional to the amount of specific antibodies in the sample. Sulphuric acid is added to stop the reaction. This produces a yellow endpoint colour. Absorbance at 450/620 nm is read using an ELISA microwell plate reader.
Hantaviruses are negative sense RNA viruses in the Bunyaviridae family. Humans may be infected with Hantaviruses through urine, saliva or contact with rodent waste products. Some Hantaviruses may lead to serious diseases in humans, such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Human infections of Hantaviruses have almost entirely been linked to human contact with rodent excrement, but recent human to human transmission has been reported with the Andes virus in South America. Hantavirus has an incubation time of two to four weeks in humans before symptoms of infection occur. The symptoms of HFRS can be split into five phases:
Febrile phase: Symptoms include fever, chills, sweaty palms, diarrhea, malaise, headaches, nausea, abdominal and back pain, respiratory problems such as the ones common in influenza virus infection, as well as gastro-intestinal problems. These symptoms normally occur for three to seven days and arise about two to three weeks after exposure.
Hypotensive phase: This occurs when the blood platelet levels drop and symptoms can lead to tachycardia and hypoxemia. This phase can last for 2 days.
Oliguric phase: This phase lasts for three to seven days and is characterized by the onset of renal failure and proteinuria occurs.
Diuretic phase: This is characterized by diuresis of three to six liters per day, which can last for a couple of days up to weeks.
Convalescent phase: This is normally when recovery occurs and symptoms begin to improve.
Regions especially affected by HFRS include China, the Korean Peninsula, Russia (Hantaan, Puumala and Seoul viruses), and northern and western Europe (Puumala and Dobrava virus).
Properties and Storage Information:
Shipped at conditions-Blue Ice, Appropriate short-term storage conditions-+4°C, Appropriate long-term storage conditions-+4°C, Storage information-+4°C
Supplementary Information:
This supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.
Hantavirus also known as "Hanta" is a genus of viruses affecting humans and rodents. The viral proteins of Hantavirus do not have a specific mass as the virus consists of several segments including small medium and large genomic segments that code for the nucleocapsid glycoproteins and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Hantavirus is predominantly expressed in endothelial cells lining blood vessels particularly in the lungs and kidneys of infected hosts.
Biological function summary
Hantavirus affects vascular permeability and immune response. It is not part of a complex but rather relies heavily on its structural proteins to invade host cells. Once inside a cell it hijacks host cellular machinery to replicate. The glycoproteins Gn and Gc are essential for binding and entry into cells while the nucleocapsid protein plays a role in viral replication and assembly. The virus disrupts normal cellular functions to promote its survival and propagation.
Pathways
Hantavirus interferes with immune signaling and vascular integrity. It manipulates the host's interferon response pathway thereby avoiding detection by the immune system. Additionally the virus can modulate the complement cascade which is another critical component of host defense involving proteins such as C3 and factor H to increase the permeability of blood vessels and facilitate viral spread.
The Hantavirus is closely associated with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). These diseases arise from the virus's impact on vascular leakage and immune dysregulation. During infection the action of Hantavirus proteins disrupts normal interactions with host proteins like angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) linking it to the pathogenesis processes in HFRS and HPS. Antibody detection through ELISA tests such as IgM assays are important in diagnosing these infections.
