Description
Key facts
Detection method:Colorimetric,
Sample types:Citrate plasma, Heparin Plasma, Serum,
Reacts with:Human,
Assay type:Sandwich (quantitative),
Range:0.02 - 5 IU/mL,
Assay Platform:Pre-coated microplate (12 x 8 well strips)
Product details:
Clostridium tetani
toxin 5S IgG plus ELISA kit (ab247204) is designed for the quantitative determination of IgG class antibodies against
Clostridium tetani
toxin 5S antigens in human serum or plasma (citrate, heparin).
The quantitative immunoenzymatic determination of specific antibodies is based on the ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay) technique. Microplates are coated with specific antigens to bind corresponding antibodies of the sample. After washing the wells to remove all unbound sample material a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labelled conjugate is added. This conjugate binds to the captured antibodies. In a second washing step unbound conjugate is removed. The immune complex formed by the bound conjugate is visualized by adding Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate which gives a blue reaction product. The intensity of this product is proportional to the amount of specific antibodies in the sample. Sulphuric acid is added to stop the reaction. This produces a yellow endpoint colour. Absorbance at 450/620 nm is read using an ELISA microwell plate reader.
Clostridia are spore-forming gram-positive bacteria. The round spores are built at the terminal end which results in the microscope in a "tennis racket" like shape.
Clostridium tetani
is ubiquitously present in the soil and intestine of humans and animals. Ingestion of bacteria or growth in the intestine of man or animal is without harm. The spores are extremely resistant towards heat and can stay infectious for a long period. The bacteria can get under the skin by even smallest wounds. In Europe tetanus mainly occurs after injuries and sometimes postoperative, whereas in developing countries Tetanus is widely disseminated. The WHO assumes that one million people die because of tetanus worldwide per year.
Tetanus toxin is an excellent immunogen in man - only one antigenic type of toxin. The only effective way to control tetanus is by prophylactic active immunization.
Properties and Storage Information:
Shipped at conditions-Blue Ice, Appropriate short-term storage conditions-+4°C, Appropriate long-term storage conditions-+4°C, Storage information-+4°C
Supplementary Information:
This supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.
The Clostridium tetani toxin also known as tetanospasmin is a potent neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. This bacterium is a Gram-positive rod-shaped organism known for its role in tetanus infection. The tetanospasmin weighs around 150 kDa and is expressed during the growth phase of the bacterium. It is released when the bacteria lyse. This toxin specifically targets neurons interrupting normal neurotransmitter release which leads to muscular spasms and paralysis that is characteristic of tetanus.
Biological function summary
Tetanospasmin acts by cleaving synaptobrevin an important component of the SNARE complex which is essential for the release of neurotransmitters such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine. The interruption in these inhibitory neurotransmitters leads to the excessive excitatory signals that cause convulsive symptoms. The toxin is part of a complex formed with other bacterial proteins that facilitate its entry into neurons and enhance its stability inside the host organism.
Pathways
The molecular activity of Clostridium tetani toxin impacts the nervous system by affecting synaptic vesicle cycle pathways. By cleaving synaptobrevin the toxin disrupts the normal vesicular trafficking of neurotransmitters. This disruption links to key proteins such as SNAP-25 and syntaxin which together with synaptobrevin form the SNARE complex critical for synaptic vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release at the synapse.
Clostridium tetani toxin is directly associated with tetanus which is characterized by muscle rigidity and spasms. This is a result of the toxin's interference with normal neural inhibitory processes. Additionally the disruption of SNARE complex proteins by the toxin can offer insights into other neurological disorders involving similar synaptic dysfunction although tetanus is the primary condition related to this toxin. Understanding the pathways and interactions of Clostridium tetani toxin with SNARE proteins broadens the potential approaches for therapeutic interventions in related neurotoxicity cases.
