Description
Cellular proliferation is a complex multi-faceted process, central to biological events ranging from embryonic development to wound healing. Although proliferation is tightly controlled, dysregulation often results in tumorigenesis. The regulatory process involves the expression of many cell-cycle-associated proteins that are subject to cycle-dependent modification. Such protein expression may be monitored to assess the proliferative capacity of cells, especially tumorigenic cells.The Ki-67 antigen is a nuclear protein expressed exclusively in proliferating cells during all active parts of the cell cycle. However, it is absent in quiescent cells and during DNA repair. The distribution of Ki-67 changes during different stages of the cell cycle. During G1, it is localized to the perinuclear region, but is primarily found in the nuclear matrix in later phases. During mitosis, it associates with the condensed chromosomes. The nuclear localization of Ki-67 and strict association with the cell cycle indicate its importance in the regulation of cell division. Therefore, Ki-67 has become an important marker of proliferating cells, and may also be a marker for disitinct nuclear matrix compartments.
Bioimaging 1. Seed the cells in appropriate culture medium at ~10,000 cells per well in a BD Falcon™ 96-well Imaging Plate (Cat. No. 353219) and culture overnight. 2. Remove the culture medium from the wells, and fix the cells by adding 100 μl of BD Cytofix™ Fixation Buffer (Cat. No. 554655) to each well. Incubate for 10 minutes at room temperature (RT). 3. Remove the fixative from the wells, and permeabilize the cells using either BD Perm Buffer III, 90% methanol, or Triton™ X-100: a. Add 100 μl of -20°C 90% methanol or Perm Buffer III (Cat. No. 558050) to each well and incubate for 5 minutes at RT. OR b. Add 100 μl of 0.1% Triton™ X-100 to each well and incubate for 5 minutes at RT. 4. Remove the permeabilization buffer, and wash the wells twice with 100 μl of 1× PBS. 5. Remove the PBS, and block the cells by adding 100 μl of BD Pharmingen™ Stain Buffer (FBS) (Cat. No. 554656) to each well. Incubate for 30 minutes at RT. 6. Remove the blocking buffer and add 50 μl of the optimally titrated primary antibody (diluted in Stain Buffer) to each well, and incubate for 1 hour at RT. 7. Remove the primary antibody, and wash the wells three times with 100 μl of 1× PBS. 8. Remove the PBS, and add the second step reagent at its optimally titrated concentration in 50 μl to each well, and incubate in the dark for 1 hour at RT. 9. Remove the second step reagent, and wash the wells three times with 100 μl of 1× PBS. 10. Remove the PBS, and counter-stain the nuclei by adding 200 μl per well of 2 μg/ml Hoechst 33342 (e.g., Sigma-Aldrich Cat. No. B2261) in 1× PBS to each well at least 15 minutes before imaging. 11. View and analyze the cells on an appropriate imaging instrument. Bioimaging: For more detailed information please refer to http://www.bdbiosciences.com/support/resources/protocols/ceritifed_reagents.jsp Western blot: For more detailed information please refer to http://www.bdbiosciences.com/pharmingen/protocols/Western_Blotting.shtml
Store undiluted at -20°C. The monoclonal antibody was purified from tissue culture supernatant or ascites by affinity chromatography.
1. Since applications vary, each investigator should titrate the reagent to obtain optimal results.
2. Please refer to www.bdbiosciences.com/us/s/resources for technical protocols.
3. This antibody has been developed and certified for the bioimaging application. However, a routine bioimaging test is not performed on every lot. Researchers are encouraged to titrate the reagent for optimal performance.
4. Caution: Sodium azide yields highly toxic hydrazoic acid under acidic conditions. Dilute azide compounds in running water before discarding to avoid accumulation of potentially explosive deposits in plumbing.
5. Source of all serum proteins is from USDA inspected abattoirs located in the United States.
6. Triton is a trademark of the Dow Chemical Company.
