Stemcell, 100-1798, Human Recombinant TGF-beta 1, ACF

Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a member of the TGF-β superfamily and regulates diverse cellular phenotypes. With a verified endotoxin level of ≤ 0.1 EU/μg, measured using the LAL method, confidently use TGF-β1 across multiple applications. TGF-β1 binds to serine-threonine kinase type I and II receptors and activates signal transduction through SMAD2/3 proteins, thus regulating a variety of functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation, wound healing, apoptosis, and metabolism (Massagué; McDowell et al.). During human embryogenesis, TGF-β1 is expressed by endothelial and hematopoietic tissues and acts as an endogenous autocrine growth regulator (Gatherer et al.). Together with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), TGF-β1 supports the culture of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (Amit et al.). Once activated, TGF-β1 helps maintain immune homeostasis by modulating B cell response and mediating immunosuppressive effects on T cells and neutrophils (Letterio & Roberts). This product is animal component-free (ACF).