Description
Key facts
CAS number:52497-36-6,
Form:SolidSee storage information,
Molecular weight:215.25 Da,
Molecular formula:C10H17NO4,
PubChem:107883,
Nature:Synthetic,
Solubility:Soluble in water to 25 mM,
Biochemical name:Dihydrokainic acid,
Biological description:Selective, non-transportable inhibitor of glutamate transporter EAAT2 (GLT-1) (Ki = 23 μM). 130-fold selective over EAAT1 and EAAT3 (Ki > 3 mM).,
Canonical smiles:CC(C)C1CNC(C1CC(=O)O)C(=O)O,
Isomeric smiles:CC(C)[C@H]1CN[C@@H]([C@H]1CC(=O)O)C(=O)O,
InChi:InChI=1S/C10H17NO4/c1-5(2)7-4-11-9(10(14)15)6(7)3-8(12)13/h5-7,9,11H,3-4H2,1-2H3,(H,12,13)(H,14,15)/t6-,7+,9-/m0/s1,
InChiKey:JQPDCKOQOOQUSC-OOZYFLPDSA-N,
IUPAC Name:(2S,3S,4R)-3-(carboxymethyl)-4-propan-2-ylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
Properties and Storage Information:
Shipped at conditions-Ambient - Can Ship with Ice, Appropriate short-term storage conditions-+4°C, Appropriate long-term storage conditions-+4°C, Storage information-Store under desiccating conditions, The product can be stored for up to 12 months
Supplementary Information:
This supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.
The excitatory amino acid transporters EAAT3 EAAT1 and EAAT2 also known as GLT-1 are integral membrane proteins responsible for regulating the synaptic concentration of glutamate in the central nervous system. EAAT3 is alternately known as SLC1A1. These transporters include a mass approximately 50 to 62 kDa are primarily expressed in neurons and glial cells. EAAT1 often referred to as GLAST is primarily in astrocytes whereas EAAT2 or GLT-1 is mainly in astrocytes and some neurons. The effective function of these transporters is important for preventing excitotoxicity a condition that occurs when excessive synaptic glutamate overstimulates cells.
Biological function summary
Excitatory amino acid transporters modulate synaptic transmission by taking up extracellular glutamate converting it to a less reactive form inside the cell. By clearing glutamate from synapses they ensure proper neuronal communication and prevent overstimulation that could damage neurons. EAAT2 representing the major glutamate transporter in the hippocampus and cortex contributes to more than 90% of glutamate uptake. The transporters exist in functional complexes with other proteins including scaffolding and signaling proteins which enhance neuronal ion balance and signal transduction.
Pathways
Excitatory amino acid transporters integrate into the glutamatergic neurotransmission system and work within glutamate-glutamine cycling. These systems are vital in brain regions responsible for learning and memory. In this context EAAT2 interacts with postsynaptic density proteins such as PSD-95 and forms a complex that links with ionotropic glutamate receptors which play a role in synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation. Furthermore EAAT transporters cooperate with other amino acid transporters that partake in metabolism and neurotransmitter cycling.
Malfunctions in these transporters associate with neurological conditions such as epilepsy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Reduced activity or expression of EAAT2 has been observed in patients with ALS leading to elevated glutamate levels and subsequent neurodegeneration. In epilepsy altered EAAT2 function can result in disrupted neuronal excitability heightening seizure susceptibility. Understanding these connections highlights the potential for developing GLT-1 inhibitor drugs that can modulate glutamate activity aimed at such neurological disorders.
