Description
Key facts
Detection method:Colorimetric,
Sample types:Cell culture media,
Reacts with:Clostridium difficile,
Assay type:Sandwich (quantitative),
Sensitivity:= 37.638 pg/mL,
Range:234.375 - 15000 pg/mL,
Assay time:1h 30m,
Assay Platform:Pre-coated microplate (12 x 8 well strips)
Product details:
Clostridium difficile Toxin A + Toxin B SimpleStep ELISA
kit is a single-wash 90 min sandwich ELISA designed for the quantitative measurement of Toxin A + Toxin B protein in Cell culture.
SimpleStep ELISA
technology employs capture antibodies conjugated to an affinity tag that is recognized by the monoclonal antibody used to coat our SimpleStep ELISA
plates. This approach to sandwich ELISA allows the formation of the antibody-analyte sandwich complex in a single step, significantly reducing assay time. See the SimpleStep ELISA
protocol summary in the image section for further details. Our SimpleStep ELISA
technology provides several benefits:
-Single-wash protocol reduces assay time to 90 minutes or less
-High sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility from superior antibodies
-Fully validated in biological samples
-96-wells plate breakable into 12 x 8 wells strips
A 384-well SimpleStep ELISA
microplate (ab203359) is available to use as an alternative to the 96-well microplate provided with SimpleStep ELISA
Properties and Storage Information:
Shipped at conditions-Blue Ice, Appropriate short-term storage conditions-+4°C, Appropriate long-term storage conditions-+4°C, Storage information-+4°C
Supplementary Information:
This supplementary information is collated from multiple sources and compiled automatically.
Clostridium difficile Toxin A and Toxin B also known as TcdA and TcdB are large glycoproteins secreted by the bacterium Clostridium difficile. TcdA weighs approximately 308 kDa while TcdB is about 270 kDa. These toxins are primarily expressed in the gut following infection by C. difficile. TcdA and TcdB function as exotoxins entering host cells and leading to the disruption of cellular processes by glycosylating small GTPases such as Rho proteins. This modification impairs these proteins' ability to signal causing breakdown of the cytoskeleton and resulting in cell death and inflammation.
Biological function summary
Toxin A and Toxin B damage the intestinal epithelium leading to increased permeability and inflammatory response. These toxins work independently and are not part of a complex although both are essential for C. difficile pathogenicity. TcdA is generally thought to initiate the inflammatory process in the gut mucosa while TcdB is the primary mediator of cytotoxicity. Both toxins contribute to the destruction of tight junctions which leads to disruption of epithelial barrier function.
Pathways
TcdA and TcdB primarily affect the Rho signaling pathway. These toxins inactivate Rho family proteins including Rho Rac and Cdc42 leading to actin depolymerization and loss of cell shape. The Rac pathway also links to pathways that control cell cycling and apoptosis. Through these pathways the toxins alter not only cellular structure but also contribute to signaling cascades that increase apoptosis and inflammatory mediators like cytokines.
Toxin A and Toxin B play central roles in the development of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. CDI leads to symptoms such as severe diarrhea and colitis and in the most severe cases pseudomembranous colitis. The toxins' ability to damage intestine linings connects them to inflammation-related proteins like cytokines and chemokines which further exacerbate tissue damage and disease progression. Understanding these toxins' roles can aid in developing targeted therapies that mitigate their harmful effects.
