Sorting of integral membrane proteins at various stages of the endocytic and secretory pathways is mediated by vesicular trafficking between a variety of organelles. Two sorting signals are tyrosine-based and dileucine-based signals that interact with heterotetrameric adaptor protein complexes (AP-1, AP-2, AP-3, and AP-4), which are associated with the vesicle coats. These coatomers contain two large Adaptin proteins (γ, α, δ, or ε and β1, β2, β3, or β4, respectively) that are noncovalently linked to one medium chain (µ1, µ2, µ3, or µ4) and one small chain (σ1, σ2, σ3, or σ4). The AP-1 and AP-3 complexes are involved in protein sorting from the TGN and endosomes, while AP-2 adaptor complexes are involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. β Adaptin subunits (β1, β2, β3, β4) lack sequence homology to adaptins α, γ, δ, and ε, but all of these subunits share a similar domain structure. Adaptin β1 (also known as Adaptin β') and β2 (also known as Adaptin β) have 83% amino acid identity and are found in the AP1 and AP2 complexes, respectively.
Bioimaging 1. Seed the cells in appropriate culture medium at ~10,000 cells per well in a 96-well imaging plate and culture overnight. 2. Remove the culture medium from the wells, and fix the cells by adding 100 μl of BD Cytofix™ Fixation Buffer (Cat. No. 554655) to each well. Incubate for 10 minutes at room temperature (RT). 3. Remove the fixative from the wells, and permeabilize the cells using either BD Perm Buffer III, 90% methanol, or Triton™ X-100: a. Add 100 μl of -20°C 90% methanol or Perm Buffer III (Cat. No. 558050) to each well and incubate for 5 minutes at RT. OR b. Add 100 μl of 0.1% Triton™ X-100 to each well and incubate for 5 minutes at RT. 4. Remove the permeabilization buffer, and wash the wells twice with 100 μl of 1× PBS. 5. Remove the PBS, and block the cells by adding 100 μl of BD Pharmingen™ Stain Buffer (FBS) (Cat. No. 554656) to each well. Incubate for 30 minutes at RT. 6. Remove the blocking buffer and add 50 μl of the optimally titrated primary antibody (diluted in Stain Buffer) to each well, and incubate for 1 hour at RT. 7. Remove the primary antibody, and wash the wells three times with 100 μl of 1× PBS. 8. Remove the PBS, and add the second step reagent at its optimally titrated concentration in 50 μl to each well, and incubate in the dark for 1 hour at RT. 9. Remove the second step reagent, and wash the wells three times with 100 μl of 1× PBS. 10. Remove the PBS, and counter-stain the nuclei by adding 200 μl per well of 2 μg/ml Hoechst 33342 (e.g., Sigma-Aldrich Cat. No. B2261) in 1× PBS to each well at least 15 minutes before imaging. 11. View and analyze the cells on an appropriate imaging instrument. Bioimaging & Western Blot: For more detailed information please refer to "Cellular Imaging" or "Cell Biology (WB, IP, IHC, IF)" at our website: http://www.bdbiosciences.com/us/s/resources
The monoclonal antibody was purified from tissue culture supernatant or ascites by affinity chromatography. Store undiluted at -20°C.
1. Since applications vary, each investigator should titrate the reagent to obtain optimal results.
2. Source of all serum proteins is from USDA inspected abattoirs located in the United States.
3. Caution: Sodium azide yields highly toxic hydrazoic acid under acidic conditions. Dilute azide compounds in running water before discarding to avoid accumulation of potentially explosive deposits in plumbing.
4. This antibody has been developed and certified for the bioimaging application. However, a routine bioimaging test is not performed on every lot. Researchers are encouraged to titrate the reagent for optimal performance.
5. Sodium azide is a reversible inhibitor of oxidative metabolism; therefore, antibody preparations containing this preservative agent must not be used in cell cultures nor injected into animals. Sodium azide may be removed by washing stained cells or plate-bound antibody or dialyzing soluble antibody in sodium azide-free buffer. Since endotoxin may also affect the results of functional studies, we recommend the NA/LE (No Azide/Low Endotoxin) antibody format, if available, for in vitro and in vivo use.
6. Species cross-reactivity detected in product development may not have been confirmed on every format and/or application.
7. Please refer to http://regdocs.bd.com to access safety data sheets (SDS).
8. Triton is a trademark of the Dow Chemical Company.
9. Please refer to www.bdbiosciences.com/us/s/resources for technical protocols.
